Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal
<p>"Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan" is registered by the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan (certificate of registration of mass media No. 3995-Zh dated June 25, 2003), by the ISSN International Center in Paris (registration number ISSN 1813-1107 dated 6 August 2005) and is included in the List of publications for the publication of the main results of scientific activity, recommended by the "Committee for Quality Assurance of Education and Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the publication of the main results of scientific activity" (Order N 844 of 12.29.2021).</p> <p>Founder - Order of the Red Banner of Labor A.B. Bekturov ". Founder and first editor-in-chief of the Journal - Academician of NAS RK E.E. ERGOZHIN, laureate of the State Prize in Science and Technology, Honored Scientist, Honored Inventor of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Chemistry, Professor, General Director of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of JSC "Institute of Chemical Sciences named after A. B. Bekturov" from 1988 to 2020.</p> <p>Currently, the Editor-in-chief of the Journal is the General Director of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of JSC "Institute of Chemical Sciences named after A. B. Bekturov", Candidate of Chemical Sciences Kh.S. Tassibekov.</p> <p>The purpose of the "Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan" is to highlight and popularize scientific research, achievements, and the latest developments of scientists in various fields of chemistry. "Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan" was founded in 2003, issues four issues a year and publishes original scientific articles and reviews on current problems of chemistry and chemical technology in the following main sections: inorganic and organic chemistry; chemistry of monomers and high-molecular compounds, ion exchange and membrane technology; petrochemistry and petrochemical synthesis; chemistry of medicinal substances and physiologically active compounds; chemical ecology; chemistry of fertilizers and salts; physical chemistry.</p>A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences JSCen-USChemical Journal of Kazakhstan1813-1107DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOACTIVE COMPLEX WITH ANTIINFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1014
<p>The article presents the results of phytochemical studies conducted on tomato fruits<br />(Solanum lycopersicum L.) and garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.) collected near Almaty (Kazakhstan), as<br />well as jack bean seeds (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa L.)<br />collected near Karachi (Pakistan). The study of biologically active compounds revealed a high level of<br />phenols (2.02–2.86%) across all plant samples. Additionally, 3.34% of total amino acids were found in the<br />seeds of C. ensiformis, while C. longa rhizomes contained 1.15% tannins. Colorimetric, chromatographic,<br />and spectrophotometric methods were employed to determin0e chemical composition. In order to create a<br />biologically active complex, four different ratios of plant raw materials were studied as a result of which a<br />high content of extractive substances of the ASCC-2 composition (44.65%) was found in a 50% aqueous<br />alcohol solution. The effective technological parameters that can be used to obtain a tank are considered.<br />The ratio of raw materials and solvent 1:10, 40 °C, 60 min was determined by the optimal parameters<br />during ultrasonic extraction of the ASCC-2 composition. The resulting extract was concentrated in a<br />rotary evaporator at 40 °C, and then sent to a freeze dryer. The dry extract is colorless, well soluble in<br />water, the pH value is 5.9. BAC showed high anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ = 5.4±1.2 µg/ml).</p>Zhuldyz Uvaniskanova Gulnaz Seitimova Gaukhar Burasheva Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.17INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HUMATE CONCENTRATIONS ON THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF LIQUID ORGANOMINERAL FERTILIZERS
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/972
<p>Introduction. The use of liquid organomineral fertilizers (LOMF) based on chelates of<br />microelements and humates leads not only to an increase in yield and product quality, but also to a<br />decrease in economic costs. LOMF s have a complex effect on plants, activate various physiological<br />processes, increase the plant defense mechanism to various stresses and phytopathogens, improve the<br />structure and properties of the soil. The aim of the work is to study the patterns of the influence of sodium<br />humate concentrations on the process of obtaining humate-, nitrogen- and molybdenum-containing<br />LOMFs. Methods. The methods of chemical analysis, an atomic emission spectrometer with inductively<br />coupled plasma, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used. Results and discussion.<br />Based on chemical and physicochemical analyses, the effect of sodium humate concentrations on the<br />composition and properties of the synthesized products was determined. The results demonstrated that<br />increasing sodium humate concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% led to a rise in the yield of humic acids<br />(HAdaf) from 33.73% to 38.60%, nitrogen content from 4.21% to 5.27%, and molybdenum content from<br />0.22% to 0.30%, the amount of COOH - from 1.28 to 1.80 mg-eq/g and OHphen.groups –from 0.34 to 0.70<br />mg-eq/g. IR spectral analysis revealed that the interaction of sodium humate with ammonium<br />heptamolybdate results in the formation of a complex compounds. The IR spectra of the LOMF samples<br />exhibited distinct and well-defined absorption peaks at specific wavelengths, indicating an enrichment<br />with carboxyl, phenolic, and carbonyl functional groups. Conclusion. Physicochemical investigations of<br />the synthesized LOMFs confirmed that the interaction of sodium humate with ammonium heptamolybdate<br />leads to the formation of organomineral chelate complexes incorporating molybdenum ions. The<br />formation of these complex compounds, alongside increased concentrations of HAdaf, nitrogen,<br />molybdenum, COOH, and OHphen groups, enhances the biological activity and agrochemical efficacy of<br />the fertilizers.</p>Gulzipa Nurgalieva Umirzak DzhussipbekovZamira BayakhmetovaDulat Duisenbai Ulzhan Aksakalova
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.18ZHAYREM OVERBURDEN ACID LEACHING STUDY
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1029
<p>Introduction. Most deposits of manganese ores in Kazakhstan are mined in an open way.<br />This creates large waste dumps that are not disposed of and have a negative impact on the environment.<br />Since these wastes contain various valuable components, they can be used as an alternative raw material<br />source in the production of various inorganic materials. However, there is no practice of involving<br />overburden waste in production in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this work is to study the process of<br />leaching overburden waste from the Zhayrem deposit with various mineral acids and the possibility of<br />using the resulting solutions as liquid mineral fertilizers enriched with trace elements. Results and<br />discussion. The process of leaching overburden waste from the Zhayrem manganese ore deposit with<br />various mineral acids was investigated. It has been shown that the optimal reagents of the leaching process<br />are nitric and orthophosphoric acids. It was revealed that leaching of overburden waste with 10%<br />solutions of these acids at Т: Ж = 1:25 and a temperature of 50 ° С leads to the formation of productive<br />solutions that can be recommended for use as a basis for the production of liquid phosphorus or nitrogen<br />fertilizers containing the trace element manganese.</p>Ainur RaimbekovaSholpan KubekovaVictoria KapralovaKanay Rysbekov Amantay DalbanbayGulnur IbraimovaAlikhan Mukhanov
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.19SYNTHESIS AND RESEARCH OF NEW DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS BASED ON BETAINE AND CHOLINE CHLORIDE
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/998
<p>Introduction. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are easy to synthesize, exhibit high purity,<br />and are, importantly, cost-effective. Recent studies have shown that they are biodegradable,<br />environmentally friendly, and hydrophobic. DESs are typically described as mixtures of a hydrogen bond<br />acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which, when combined, form a eutectic mixture with<br />a melting point lower than that of its individual components. The purpose of the work: is to synthesize<br />new DESs based on betaine and examine their physicochemical properties. Results and discussions: the<br />optimal synthesis ratio for these DESs was determined. Their pH values were found to be 6.85 and 7.0,<br />respectively. The density and viscosity were measured, and the functional groups and interactions were<br />analyzed through IR spectroscopy. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the proposed deep eutectic<br />solvents, due to their unique structural properties, can be utilized in various industrial applications due to<br />their optimal chemical and physical characteristics.</p>Kanat SadykovSalimat RyspayevaAigul Kerimkulova Sholpan Islam Dinara Adikanova Tolegen Chalov Nesiphan Bektenov
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.20INCREASING THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HUMIC COMPOUNDS BY MODIFYING THEM UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1015
<p>Introduction. Humic substances are multifunctional organic compounds; modification of<br />their macromolecules allows obtaining new compounds with tailored properties and diverse compositions.<br />Research is ongoing, but harsh conditions often lead to structural degradation. Therefore, chemical<br />modification of humic compounds under mild conditions using affordable reagents is relevant for<br />improving properties and expanding applications. The aim is to study the influence of various factors on<br />obtaining new compounds through the interaction of sodium humate and aluminum orthophosphate.<br />Methods. Standard methods, functional and X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared<br />spectroscopy. Results and Discussion. The study determined the dependence of the modification process<br />of sodium humate derived from lignite with aluminum orthophosphate on the ratio of initial substances,<br />temperature, and time. Analysis showed that by changing the solid-to-liquid ratio from 1:5 to 1:15,<br />temperature from 20°C to 80°C, and time from 10 to 120 minutes, the yield of humic acids increases to<br />4.20%, N content – to 1.15%, P2O5 – to 31.18%, COOH groups – to 1.91 mmol/g, OHphen. – to 1.01<br />mmol/g, and static exchange capacity – to 14.73 mg-eq/g. Conclusion. It was found that the interaction of<br />sodium humate with aluminum orthophosphate involves ion exchange and complexation reactions. The<br />resulting organomineral compounds exhibit increased content of acidic groups, humic acids, phosphorus,<br />and nitrogen. Chemical modification of humates with phosphates of varying basicity under mild<br />conditions can produce humate-containing preparations with high biological activity and efficiency for<br />use in agriculture, industry, and environmental purposes.</p>Zamira BayakhmetovaUmirzak Dzhussipbekov Гулзипа НұрғалиеваErsin Tussupkaliev Ainur Shakirova Dulat DuisenbaiUlzhan Aksakalova Alina Altyruova
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.21In silico EVALUATION OF THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXICITY OF NOVEL PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1023
<p>Introduction. Modern computer modeling methods make it possible to predict the<br />biological activity and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds at early stages of drug development,<br />thereby accelerating the identification of promising candidates. Piperidine derivatives are of particular<br />interest due to their high potential pharmacological value. The aim of this study is to evaluate the<br />biological activity, pharmacokinetic parameters, and toxicity of novel piperidine derivatives using in silico<br />methods. Results and discussion. Four new compounds were synthesized via aminomethylation of 1-(2-<br />ethoxyethyl)-4-ethynylpiperidin-4-ol esters, isolated by column chromatography on Al2O3, and<br />characterized using physicochemical analysis methods. Biological activity was assessed using the PASS<br />program, pharmacokinetics via SwissADME, and toxicity via ProTox-III. The compounds demonstrated a<br />high probability of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity, as well as potential<br />effectiveness in the treatment of osteoporosis, diabetic neuropathy, and neurological disorders.<br />Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated good absorption and the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier.<br />According to ProTox-III, the compounds showed predominantly low toxicity (lowest for compound 5,<br />LD50 = 2935 mg/kg). Conclusion. Compounds 2, 3, 6, and 7 are considered especially promising for<br />further research due to their high bioavailability and low toxicity. The results support the feasibility of<br />continued in vitro and in vivo screening of the synthesized compounds.</p>Ten AsselDilnaz BissenbayValentina Yu Zhanar Zhaxibayeva Valery Dembitsky
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.22ENERGETIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR MICRO-INITIATION SYSTEMS: COMPOSITION-PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1026
<p><em>Introduction.</em> Micro-initiation systems are crucial for the advancement of smart combustible technologies, enabling highly localized and controlled initiation of energetic reactions at the microscale. These systems are essential in applications such as micro-chips, MEMS devices, and smart munitions, and they depend on energetic composite materials (ECMs) that effectively balance performance and safety. <em>Objective of the study. </em>This review examines the relationships between composition and performance in energetic materials (ECMs) used in micro-initiation systems. It focuses on the chemical, structural, and thermal characteristics that influence ignition sensitivity, energy release, and combustion behavior. Key materials—including copper(II) azide, HMX, RDX, CL-20, and TAGN—are evaluated alongside advanced carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites that enhance safety and performance. Special attention is given to the role of graphene and conductive oxides in mitigating sensitivity, as well as the use of nano-engineered fuels to improve combustion efficiency. <em>Results and Discussion.</em> Emerging microfabrication and additive manufacturing techniques for producing miniaturized energetic architectures are also discussed. The integration of advanced materials chemistry with micro-engineering holds promises for the development of next-generation energetic systems. <em>Conclusions. </em>This review identifies challenges such as thermal stability, electrostatic safety, and predictive modeling, while highlighting future directions for designing safer, high-performance energetic materials.</p>Zhanerke YelemessovaBagdatgul Milikhat Ayan YerkenZulkhair MansurovAldan Imangazy
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.23PRODUCTION OF HYDROCHAR BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF RICE HUSK
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1025
<p>This paper presents the results of a study on the production of hydrochar through<br />hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk. Hydrothermal carbonization is an innovative and promising<br />biomass processing method that yields a carbon-rich product with high calorific value and a wide range of<br />applications. Rice husk, a byproduct of the rice industry, is often considered waste but holds significant<br />potential as a feedstock for bioenergy materials. Experiments on hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk<br />were conducted under various temperature conditions. The optimal process parameters were determined<br />based on the yield and physicochemical properties of the final product. The formation of pores on the<br />hydrochar surface depends on the duration and temperature of the process. Biomass undergoes significant<br />decomposition at high temperatures, exposing its underlying layers and enhancing hydrochar porosity.<br />The optimal hydrothermal carbonization temperature for rice husk was found to be 800°C with a duration<br />of 60 minutes. The iodine adsorption capacity at 800°C reached 63.37%. Scanning electron microscopy<br />revealed that the obtained hydrochar possesses a well-developed porous structure.</p>Nurbol AppazovAizhan Ibragim Dinara Niyazova Indira YespanovaAltynkul Toybazarova Sergiy Lyubchyk Rakhymzhan Turmanov Marat Syzdykbayev Roza Narmanova Gulzat Askarova
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.24THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS FUNCTIONALIZED BY CYTISINE BETAOLIGOSACCHARIDE CLATHRATE
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1006
<p>Introduction. The article discusses the thermochemical properties of the composition of<br />silver nanoparticles functionalized by the β-oligosaccharide clathrate complex of cytisine and its O,Odimethylphosphate derivatives. Methodology. Thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric<br />analyses were used to obtain data on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of the studied substrates, as<br />well as their encapsulated complexes of inclusions modified with silver nanoparticles. Results and<br />Discussion. Studies have been carried out on a scanning electron microscope aimed at analyzing the<br />evolution of their structure under the influence of various temperature conditions. Energy profiles of the<br />processes of destruction of clathrate molecules have been obtained. It is shown that the process of<br />destruction of clathrate molecules begins in reactions with higher activation energy values and continues<br />with a uniform decrease in Ea along the reaction path, which indicates a multi-stage process. The research<br />results made it possible to identify the corresponding phase transformations of nanocompositions, as well<br />as possible recrystallization processes and other changes occurring in the inclusion complexes as a result<br />of annealing. Conclusion. The kinetic data obtained contribute to predicting the properties of the obtained<br />compositions of silver nanoparticles functionalized by the β-oligosaccharide clathrate complex of cytisine<br />and its phosphorous derivative under long-term storage conditions and searching for optimal ways to<br />stabilize them.</p>Serik Fazylov Oralgazy Nurkenov Akmaral Sarsenbekova Ryszhan Bakirova Alma Tateeva Ardak Syzdykov Aleksandr Svidersky Anel Mendibayeva
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.25FURFURAL HYDRATING ON PROMOTED SKELETAL COPPER CATALYSTS
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1001
<p>Introduction. Furfural is a five-membered heterocyclic aldehyde of the furan series,<br />which is an important biomass-derived compound. Its hydrogenation product, furfuryl alcohol, has<br />numerous industrial applications. The selective hydrogenation of furfural has attracted interest for the<br />development of efficient catalytic processes. In this study, attention is given to alloyed copper catalysts<br />modified by ferroalloys for the hydrogenation process. The purpose of this work is to develop a process<br />for the selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. The researchers developed highly active<br />suspended alloyed alumina-copper catalysts, incorporating ferroalloys as promoters. Specifically, skeletal<br />copper catalysts with 70% aluminum content were prepared, and ferroalloy additives such as FMo<br />(ferromolybdenum) and FMn (ferromanganese) were introduced. The catalytic activity was studied under<br />different technological conditions by monitoring the hydrogenation of furfural. Results and Discussion. It<br />was found that the promoting effect of FMo and FMn is associated with the formation of new MeAl₃<br />compounds, inclusions, and eutectoids in the alloys, which remain in the non-alkaline state of the leached<br />catalysts. Among the tested multicomponent copper catalysts, the activity order increased as follows: Cu70% Al < Cu-FMn < Cu-3% FMo < Cu-FMo + FMn. Conclusion. The study demonstrates that alloyed<br />copper catalysts promoted with ferroalloys, particularly a combination of FMo and FMn, exhibit enhanced<br />catalytic activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. These findings<br />contribute to the development of more efficient catalytic systems for biomass-derived chemical<br />transformations.</p>Serikbek Shitybayev Bahytjan Kedelbaev Sarsenbek TurtabaevKulzada Lahanova Arailym Amirbek
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.26 SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND LABORATORY SCREENING OF GROWTH-STIMULATING, HERBICIDAL AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF DITHIOCARBOMATE AND ITS THIOANHIDRIDES BASED ON 2-OXOPYRROLIDINE
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1028
<p>Introduction. The search for new and effective plant growth stimulants and chemical<br />plant protection agents remains a pressing issue in modern agrochemistry. This study aimed to synthesize<br />dithiocarbamate and its thioanhidrides based on pyrrolidin-2-one and evaluate their potential as plant<br />growth regulators, herbicides and fungicides. Results and Discussion: Sodium dithiocarbamate based on<br />2-oxopyrrolidine and its butyric and benzoic 2-oxopyrrolidine-1-carbothioic thioanhydrides was<br />synthesized with yields of 84%, 88%, and 67%, respectively. The structures of the synthesized<br />compounds were established based on the analysis of elemental data, IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR<br />spectroscopy data. Primary laboratory screening for growth-stimulating, herbicidal, and fungicidal activity<br />was carried out. Conclusion: High germination rates were observed when wheat seeds were treated with<br />sodium 2-oxopyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate at a concentration of 100 mg/l, resulting in 90% laboratory<br />germination compared to 70% in the control and 80% with treatment by the standards KN-2 and AN-16.<br />Phytotoxicity assays demonstrated that compound 1, at concentrations of 0.01-1 mg/ml, did not negatively<br />affect the sowing qualities of Agrostis and Lactuca seeds and instead promoted intensive growth.<br />Furthermore, sodium dithiocarbamate and its thioanhdrides exhibited fungicidal activity comparable to the<br />standard tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD). The infection rate of wheat and barley seeds by<br />phytopathogenic fungi in the untreated control was 100% and 77.3%, respectively. In contrast, treatment<br />with compounds 1-3 at 0.001-0.1% reduced infection to 12.6-26% for wheat and 7.3-16% for barley,<br />compared to 0.4% and 2.6% with TMTD.</p>Yelena SychevaNazymgul OtepMeruyert Mukanova
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.27SELF-PROPAGATING HIGH TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF SHAPE MEMORY TITANIUM-NICKEL ALLOYS
https://chemjournal.kz/index.php/journal/article/view/1011
<p>Introduction This research work is aimed at developing (establishing) an effective<br />method for synthesizing nitinol alloy (Ni – Ti), a shape memory material using the self-propelled hightemperature synthesis (SHS) process. The synthesis was performed using condensed mixtures composed<br />of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), nickel oxide (NiO), and magnesium (Mg), where magnesium served as a<br />reducing agent. The mass fraction of magnesium was varied between 25% and 45% to determine its<br />impact on combustion characteristics. The results showed that the highest combustion temperature<br />reached 1845 °C, with a peak propagation velocity of 9.0 mm/s, demonstrating the system’s strong<br />exothermic nature. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed activation energies of 379.66 kJ/mol and 366.44<br />kJ/mol as calculated using the Kissinger and Ozawa methods, respectively. These values confirm the<br />thermodynamic feasibility of the SHS reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the presence<br />of multiple phases, including TiNi, MgO, and Mg₂TiO₄, indicating simultaneous reduction and<br />intermetallic formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a porous microstructure with pore<br />sizes in the range of 50–200 nm, suggesting the suitability of the material for biomedical and sensor<br />applications. Overall, the research confirms that SHS offers a promising pathway to synthesize porous<br />NiTi alloys directly from metal oxides, reducing costs and avoiding complex vacuum-based melting<br />techniques traditionally required in nitinol production.</p>Nursaule BaatarbekKaster Kamunur Onuralp Yücel
Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan
2025-06-272025-06-27210.51580/2025-2.2710-1185.28