Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan

DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOACTIVE COMPLEX WITH ANTIINFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES

2025-06-26T10:24:33+05:00

The article presents the results of phytochemical studies conducted on tomato fruits
(Solanum lycopersicum L.) and garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.) collected near Almaty (Kazakhstan), as
well as jack bean seeds (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa L.)
collected near Karachi (Pakistan). The study of biologically active compounds revealed a high level of
phenols (2.02–2.86%) across all plant samples. Additionally, 3.34% of total amino acids were found in the
seeds of C. ensiformis, while C. longa rhizomes contained 1.15% tannins. Colorimetric, chromatographic,
and spectrophotometric methods were employed to determin0e chemical composition. In order to create a
biologically active complex, four different ratios of plant raw materials were studied as a result of which a
high content of extractive substances of the ASCC-2 composition (44.65%) was found in a 50% aqueous
alcohol solution. The effective technological parameters that can be used to obtain a tank are considered.
The ratio of raw materials and solvent 1:10, 40 °C, 60 min was determined by the optimal parameters
during ultrasonic extraction of the ASCC-2 composition. The resulting extract was concentrated in a
rotary evaporator at 40 °C, and then sent to a freeze dryer. The dry extract is colorless, well soluble in
water, the pH value is 5.9. BAC showed high anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ = 5.4±1.2 µg/ml).

INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HUMATE CONCENTRATIONS ON THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF LIQUID ORGANOMINERAL FERTILIZERS

2025-04-29T14:03:44+05:00

Introduction. The use of liquid organomineral fertilizers (LOMF) based on chelates of
microelements and humates leads not only to an increase in yield and product quality, but also to a
decrease in economic costs. LOMF s have a complex effect on plants, activate various physiological
processes, increase the plant defense mechanism to various stresses and phytopathogens, improve the
structure and properties of the soil. The aim of the work is to study the patterns of the influence of sodium
humate concentrations on the process of obtaining humate-, nitrogen- and molybdenum-containing
LOMFs. Methods. The methods of chemical analysis, an atomic emission spectrometer with inductively
coupled plasma, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used. Results and discussion.
Based on chemical and physicochemical analyses, the effect of sodium humate concentrations on the
composition and properties of the synthesized products was determined. The results demonstrated that
increasing sodium humate concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% led to a rise in the yield of humic acids
(HAdaf) from 33.73% to 38.60%, nitrogen content from 4.21% to 5.27%, and molybdenum content from
0.22% to 0.30%, the amount of COOH - from 1.28 to 1.80 mg-eq/g and OHphen.groups –from 0.34 to 0.70
mg-eq/g. IR spectral analysis revealed that the interaction of sodium humate with ammonium
heptamolybdate results in the formation of a complex compounds. The IR spectra of the LOMF samples
exhibited distinct and well-defined absorption peaks at specific wavelengths, indicating an enrichment
with carboxyl, phenolic, and carbonyl functional groups. Conclusion. Physicochemical investigations of
the synthesized LOMFs confirmed that the interaction of sodium humate with ammonium heptamolybdate
leads to the formation of organomineral chelate complexes incorporating molybdenum ions. The
formation of these complex compounds, alongside increased concentrations of HAdaf, nitrogen,
molybdenum, COOH, and OHphen groups, enhances the biological activity and agrochemical efficacy of
the fertilizers.

ZHAYREM OVERBURDEN ACID LEACHING STUDY

2025-06-02T15:26:24+05:00

Introduction. Most deposits of manganese ores in Kazakhstan are mined in an open way.
This creates large waste dumps that are not disposed of and have a negative impact on the environment.
Since these wastes contain various valuable components, they can be used as an alternative raw material
source in the production of various inorganic materials. However, there is no practice of involving
overburden waste in production in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this work is to study the process of
leaching overburden waste from the Zhayrem deposit with various mineral acids and the possibility of
using the resulting solutions as liquid mineral fertilizers enriched with trace elements. Results and
discussion. The process of leaching overburden waste from the Zhayrem manganese ore deposit with
various mineral acids was investigated. It has been shown that the optimal reagents of the leaching process
are nitric and orthophosphoric acids. It was revealed that leaching of overburden waste with 10%
solutions of these acids at Т: Ж = 1:25 and a temperature of 50 ° С leads to the formation of productive
solutions that can be recommended for use as a basis for the production of liquid phosphorus or nitrogen
fertilizers containing the trace element manganese.

SYNTHESIS AND RESEARCH OF NEW DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS BASED ON BETAINE AND CHOLINE CHLORIDE

2025-04-29T13:44:48+05:00

Introduction. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are easy to synthesize, exhibit high purity,
and are, importantly, cost-effective. Recent studies have shown that they are biodegradable,
environmentally friendly, and hydrophobic. DESs are typically described as mixtures of a hydrogen bond
acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which, when combined, form a eutectic mixture with
a melting point lower than that of its individual components. The purpose of the work: is to synthesize
new DESs based on betaine and examine their physicochemical properties. Results and discussions: the
optimal synthesis ratio for these DESs was determined. Their pH values were found to be 6.85 and 7.0,
respectively. The density and viscosity were measured, and the functional groups and interactions were
analyzed through IR spectroscopy. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the proposed deep eutectic
solvents, due to their unique structural properties, can be utilized in various industrial applications due to
their optimal chemical and physical characteristics.

INCREASING THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HUMIC COMPOUNDS BY MODIFYING THEM UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS

2025-05-20T15:39:54+05:00

Introduction. Humic substances are multifunctional organic compounds; modification of
their macromolecules allows obtaining new compounds with tailored properties and diverse compositions.
Research is ongoing, but harsh conditions often lead to structural degradation. Therefore, chemical
modification of humic compounds under mild conditions using affordable reagents is relevant for
improving properties and expanding applications. The aim is to study the influence of various factors on
obtaining new compounds through the interaction of sodium humate and aluminum orthophosphate.
Methods. Standard methods, functional and X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy. Results and Discussion. The study determined the dependence of the modification process
of sodium humate derived from lignite with aluminum orthophosphate on the ratio of initial substances,
temperature, and time. Analysis showed that by changing the solid-to-liquid ratio from 1:5 to 1:15,
temperature from 20°C to 80°C, and time from 10 to 120 minutes, the yield of humic acids increases to
4.20%, N content – to 1.15%, P2O5 – to 31.18%, COOH groups – to 1.91 mmol/g, OHphen. – to 1.01
mmol/g, and static exchange capacity – to 14.73 mg-eq/g. Conclusion. It was found that the interaction of
sodium humate with aluminum orthophosphate involves ion exchange and complexation reactions. The
resulting organomineral compounds exhibit increased content of acidic groups, humic acids, phosphorus,
and nitrogen. Chemical modification of humates with phosphates of varying basicity under mild
conditions can produce humate-containing preparations with high biological activity and efficiency for
use in agriculture, industry, and environmental purposes.

In silico EVALUATION OF THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXICITY OF NOVEL PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES

2025-05-13T15:11:00+05:00

Introduction. Modern computer modeling methods make it possible to predict the
biological activity and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds at early stages of drug development,
thereby accelerating the identification of promising candidates. Piperidine derivatives are of particular
interest due to their high potential pharmacological value. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
biological activity, pharmacokinetic parameters, and toxicity of novel piperidine derivatives using in silico
methods. Results and discussion. Four new compounds were synthesized via aminomethylation of 1-(2-
ethoxyethyl)-4-ethynylpiperidin-4-ol esters, isolated by column chromatography on Al2O3, and
characterized using physicochemical analysis methods. Biological activity was assessed using the PASS
program, pharmacokinetics via SwissADME, and toxicity via ProTox-III. The compounds demonstrated a
high probability of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity, as well as potential
effectiveness in the treatment of osteoporosis, diabetic neuropathy, and neurological disorders.
Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated good absorption and the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier.
According to ProTox-III, the compounds showed predominantly low toxicity (lowest for compound 5,
LD50 = 2935 mg/kg). Conclusion. Compounds 2, 3, 6, and 7 are considered especially promising for
further research due to their high bioavailability and low toxicity. The results support the feasibility of
continued in vitro and in vivo screening of the synthesized compounds.

ENERGETIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR MICRO-INITIATION SYSTEMS: COMPOSITION-PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS

2025-06-04T15:21:51+05:00

Introduction. Micro-initiation systems are crucial for the advancement of smart combustible technologies, enabling highly localized and controlled initiation of energetic reactions at the microscale. These systems are essential in applications such as micro-chips, MEMS devices, and smart munitions, and they depend on energetic composite materials (ECMs) that effectively balance performance and safety. Objective of the study. This review examines the relationships between composition and performance in energetic materials (ECMs) used in micro-initiation systems. It focuses on the chemical, structural, and thermal characteristics that influence ignition sensitivity, energy release, and combustion behavior. Key materials—including copper(II) azide, HMX, RDX, CL-20, and TAGN—are evaluated alongside advanced carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites that enhance safety and performance. Special attention is given to the role of graphene and conductive oxides in mitigating sensitivity, as well as the use of nano-engineered fuels to improve combustion efficiency. Results and Discussion. Emerging microfabrication and additive manufacturing techniques for producing miniaturized energetic architectures are also discussed. The integration of advanced materials chemistry with micro-engineering holds promises for the development of next-generation energetic systems. Conclusions. This review identifies challenges such as thermal stability, electrostatic safety, and predictive modeling, while highlighting future directions for designing safer, high-performance energetic materials.

PRODUCTION OF HYDROCHAR BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF RICE HUSK

2025-06-12T15:40:41+05:00

This paper presents the results of a study on the production of hydrochar through
hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk. Hydrothermal carbonization is an innovative and promising
biomass processing method that yields a carbon-rich product with high calorific value and a wide range of
applications. Rice husk, a byproduct of the rice industry, is often considered waste but holds significant
potential as a feedstock for bioenergy materials. Experiments on hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk
were conducted under various temperature conditions. The optimal process parameters were determined
based on the yield and physicochemical properties of the final product. The formation of pores on the
hydrochar surface depends on the duration and temperature of the process. Biomass undergoes significant
decomposition at high temperatures, exposing its underlying layers and enhancing hydrochar porosity.
The optimal hydrothermal carbonization temperature for rice husk was found to be 800°C with a duration
of 60 minutes. The iodine adsorption capacity at 800°C reached 63.37%. Scanning electron microscopy
revealed that the obtained hydrochar possesses a well-developed porous structure.

THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS FUNCTIONALIZED BY CYTISINE BETAOLIGOSACCHARIDE CLATHRATE

2025-06-04T11:53:27+05:00

Introduction. The article discusses the thermochemical properties of the composition of
silver nanoparticles functionalized by the β-oligosaccharide clathrate complex of cytisine and its O,Odimethylphosphate derivatives. Methodology. Thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric
analyses were used to obtain data on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of the studied substrates, as
well as their encapsulated complexes of inclusions modified with silver nanoparticles. Results and
Discussion. Studies have been carried out on a scanning electron microscope aimed at analyzing the
evolution of their structure under the influence of various temperature conditions. Energy profiles of the
processes of destruction of clathrate molecules have been obtained. It is shown that the process of
destruction of clathrate molecules begins in reactions with higher activation energy values and continues
with a uniform decrease in Ea along the reaction path, which indicates a multi-stage process. The research
results made it possible to identify the corresponding phase transformations of nanocompositions, as well
as possible recrystallization processes and other changes occurring in the inclusion complexes as a result
of annealing. Conclusion. The kinetic data obtained contribute to predicting the properties of the obtained
compositions of silver nanoparticles functionalized by the β-oligosaccharide clathrate complex of cytisine
and its phosphorous derivative under long-term storage conditions and searching for optimal ways to
stabilize them.

FURFURAL HYDRATING ON PROMOTED SKELETAL COPPER CATALYSTS

2025-06-17T15:58:57+05:00

Introduction. Furfural is a five-membered heterocyclic aldehyde of the furan series,
which is an important biomass-derived compound. Its hydrogenation product, furfuryl alcohol, has
numerous industrial applications. The selective hydrogenation of furfural has attracted interest for the
development of efficient catalytic processes. In this study, attention is given to alloyed copper catalysts
modified by ferroalloys for the hydrogenation process. The purpose of this work is to develop a process
for the selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. The researchers developed highly active
suspended alloyed alumina-copper catalysts, incorporating ferroalloys as promoters. Specifically, skeletal
copper catalysts with 70% aluminum content were prepared, and ferroalloy additives such as FMo
(ferromolybdenum) and FMn (ferromanganese) were introduced. The catalytic activity was studied under
different technological conditions by monitoring the hydrogenation of furfural. Results and Discussion. It
was found that the promoting effect of FMo and FMn is associated with the formation of new MeAl₃
compounds, inclusions, and eutectoids in the alloys, which remain in the non-alkaline state of the leached
catalysts. Among the tested multicomponent copper catalysts, the activity order increased as follows: Cu70% Al < Cu-FMn < Cu-3% FMo < Cu-FMo + FMn. Conclusion. The study demonstrates that alloyed
copper catalysts promoted with ferroalloys, particularly a combination of FMo and FMn, exhibit enhanced
catalytic activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. These findings
contribute to the development of more efficient catalytic systems for biomass-derived chemical
transformations.

SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND LABORATORY SCREENING OF GROWTH-STIMULATING, HERBICIDAL AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF DITHIOCARBOMATE AND ITS THIOANHIDRIDES BASED ON 2-OXOPYRROLIDINE

2025-06-17T13:14:40+05:00

Introduction. The search for new and effective plant growth stimulants and chemical
plant protection agents remains a pressing issue in modern agrochemistry. This study aimed to synthesize
dithiocarbamate and its thioanhidrides based on pyrrolidin-2-one and evaluate their potential as plant
growth regulators, herbicides and fungicides. Results and Discussion: Sodium dithiocarbamate based on
2-oxopyrrolidine and its butyric and benzoic 2-oxopyrrolidine-1-carbothioic thioanhydrides was
synthesized with yields of 84%, 88%, and 67%, respectively. The structures of the synthesized
compounds were established based on the analysis of elemental data, IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR
spectroscopy data. Primary laboratory screening for growth-stimulating, herbicidal, and fungicidal activity
was carried out. Conclusion: High germination rates were observed when wheat seeds were treated with
sodium 2-oxopyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate at a concentration of 100 mg/l, resulting in 90% laboratory
germination compared to 70% in the control and 80% with treatment by the standards KN-2 and AN-16.
Phytotoxicity assays demonstrated that compound 1, at concentrations of 0.01-1 mg/ml, did not negatively
affect the sowing qualities of Agrostis and Lactuca seeds and instead promoted intensive growth.
Furthermore, sodium dithiocarbamate and its thioanhdrides exhibited fungicidal activity comparable to the
standard tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD). The infection rate of wheat and barley seeds by
phytopathogenic fungi in the untreated control was 100% and 77.3%, respectively. In contrast, treatment
with compounds 1-3 at 0.001-0.1% reduced infection to 12.6-26% for wheat and 7.3-16% for barley,
compared to 0.4% and 2.6% with TMTD.

SELF-PROPAGATING HIGH TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF SHAPE MEMORY TITANIUM-NICKEL ALLOYS

2025-06-13T11:55:04+05:00

Introduction This research work is aimed at developing (establishing) an effective
method for synthesizing nitinol alloy (Ni – Ti), a shape memory material using the self-propelled hightemperature synthesis (SHS) process. The synthesis was performed using condensed mixtures composed
of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), nickel oxide (NiO), and magnesium (Mg), where magnesium served as a
reducing agent. The mass fraction of magnesium was varied between 25% and 45% to determine its
impact on combustion characteristics. The results showed that the highest combustion temperature
reached 1845 °C, with a peak propagation velocity of 9.0 mm/s, demonstrating the system’s strong
exothermic nature. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed activation energies of 379.66 kJ/mol and 366.44
kJ/mol as calculated using the Kissinger and Ozawa methods, respectively. These values confirm the
thermodynamic feasibility of the SHS reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the presence
of multiple phases, including TiNi, MgO, and Mg₂TiO₄, indicating simultaneous reduction and
intermetallic formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a porous microstructure with pore
sizes in the range of 50–200 nm, suggesting the suitability of the material for biomedical and sensor
applications. Overall, the research confirms that SHS offers a promising pathway to synthesize porous
NiTi alloys directly from metal oxides, reducing costs and avoiding complex vacuum-based melting
techniques traditionally required in nitinol production.