Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan

PHYTOSANITARY ASSESSMENT OF WHEAT AND BARLEY SEEDS TREATED WITH DITHIOCARBAMATES

2025-09-03T10:47:11+05:00

Introduction. Achieving high crop yields in agriculture depends largely on the quality of
seeds and planting materials. Seed-borne infections reduce germination capacity and overall plant
productivity, highlighting the need for treatments that combine growth-stimulating and fungicidal
properties. This study aimed to evaluate the stimulant and antifungal effects of aqueous solutions of
dithiocarbamates on wheat and barley seeds, identify optimal concentrations, and assess their impact on
seed quality and pathogenic microflora. Results and Discussion. Seeds of wheat and barley were treated
with five dithiocarbamate-containing preparations at concentrations of 0.001%, 0.01%, and 0.1%.
Germination energy, laboratory germination, seedling growth intensity, microbial activity, and percentage
of infected seeds were assessed. At a concentration of 0.001%, wheat seeds treated with Preparations 1
and 3-5 showed high germination rates (94.0-96.6%), although infection levels varied (6.0-27.3%). In
barley, Preparations 2-5 demonstrated significant stimulation of germination (93.0-98.0%) and reduced
seed infection to 8.0-22.0%. The most pronounced antifungal activity in barley was observed for
Preparations 1 and 3, reducing infection to 10.0-12.0% and 9.0-11.3%, respectively, compared to 77.3%
in the control. In wheat, Preparations 3 and 5 effectively reduced infection rates to 10.6-19.0% and 6.0-
16.0%, respectively. Conclusion. The results suggest that dithiocarbamate-containing preparations can
enhance seed viability while limiting pathogen development. Two compounds were most effective:
Preparation 5 (sodium benzylmethylcarbamodithioate) for wheat and Preparation 3 (sodium
dibenzylcarbamodithioate) for barley. These findings support their potential use as dual-action seed
treatments in cereal crop production.

NEW PROMISING CORN GROWTH REGULATORS BASED ON AMMONIUM SALTS OF ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS OF THE C2-C6 SERIES

2025-09-15T14:48:06+05:00

Corn is the second most widely sold grain crop in the world (after wheat). Sweet corn is a
valuable vegetable crop, which ranks among the top vegetable crops in terms of nutritional value and
taste. It has a significant list of useful substances: high content of vitamins A, B, C and E, especially a
large amount of vitamin folate (B9), slightly less niacin (B3) and thiamine (B1). Of the macro- and
microelements, corn has the most potassium (270 milligrams) and magnesium (37 milligrams). An
element rare in other products, contained in corn, is gold, which is contained in corn in microportions, but
this is enough to feed our brain with the rare metal necessary for its best work. Corn is balanced in the
composition of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, rich in fiber and does not contain gluten. Fiber helps
intestinal motility, prevents cancer. In addition, the absence of gluten makes corn the most universal food,
which does not have the "contraindications" inherent in wheat, equally suitable for healthy people and
people with health problems. Corn as a silage crop has great fodder value. Silage from cobs in the milkywax ripeness phase of grain is considered one of the best in terms of nutritional value. Preparations from
corn silk are used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, choleretic, hemostatic agent in the treatment of
kidneys, liver, urological diseases, edema of various origins. Preparations from corn silk have a
moderately calming effect, and can also reduce appetite. Corn oil, obtained from the germs of corn seeds,
regulates the level of cholesterol in the blood, reduces its deposition on the walls of blood vessels, reduces
the risk of thrombosis and has a choleretic effect. The share of corn in the world starch production is about
75%. Given the high importance of corn, it is necessary to conduct systematic research in the field of
developing new effective growth regulators for this plant. In this work we show the results of our own
research in the field of development of promising phytohormones for accelerating the growth of corn
based on ammonium salts of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. It is shown that the compounds synthesized by
us contribute to the increase of the above-ground and root parts of corn and accelerate the growth of corn.

VALIDATION OF THE METHOD FOR DETERMINING IODIDE IONS IN SOLUTIONS BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

2025-08-15T09:44:56+05:00

Introduction. The article is devoted to the validation of the analytical method for the
determination of iodide ions in solutions by capillary electrophoresis. This concept represents the entire
part of analytical chemistry, especially in the field of drug quality control, where the sensitivity and
specificity of the method are of crucial importance. The relevance of the study is due to the need for
accurate and reliable quantitative analysis of iodide ions in solution, including dosage forms, and complies
with international requirements (ICH Q2 (R1)) for the validation of analytical procedures. The objective
of this validation was to determine the validation characteristics of the method for determining iodide ions
in solutions by capillary electrophoresis.
Results and discussion. The article describes in detail the validation parameters: accuracy,
repeatability, limit of quantification, linearity and working range, which increases the practical value of
the validation results of this method. It was established that the limit of quantitative determination is 2.6
mg/l, the working range of the method is in the range from 2.6 mg/l to 240 mg/l, the correlation
coefficient is 0.9999. Conclusion. The work uses international ICH standards and internal company
procedures. Linearity is observed for the entire studied range from 0 to 200 mg/l. High sensitivity of the
method (2.6 mg/l) and linearity (R2 = 0.9999) are proven. The method fully meets its purpose, is
successfully used in the analysis of medicinal preparations, and the possibility of replacing potentiometric
titration with a more accurate method has been demonstrated. The methodology has practical significance
in the context of quality control.

CHANGING THE DEGREE OF CONNECTION OF POLYMER CHAINS WITH GOLD AND IRON IONS IN THE INTERPOLYMER SYSTEM KU-2-8-P4VP

2025-08-22T11:57:26+05:00

Introduction. This paper presents the degree of binding of polymer chains with gold and
iron ions based on cross-linked polyelectrolyte interpolymer systems. The objects of study were the cation
exchanger KU-2-8 and the anion exchanger P4VP, which are used in domestic production. The purpose.
Determination of the sorption properties of the interpolymer system based on the cationite KU-2-8 and the
anionite P4VP, as well as experimental confirmation of the degree of binding with gold and iron ions. The
obtained results. During the study, the degree of binding of polymer chains to gold (Au+
) and iron (Fe2+)
ions in the KU-2-8-P4VP interpolymer system was determined depending on the molar ratio and time.
Compared to the individual polymer KU-2-8 (6:0), the anionite P4VP (0:6) showed a significantly higher
degree of gold ion sorption, which stabilized over time. The maximum degree of binding of gold ions to
the polymer chain was recorded after 6 hours in the interpolymer system at a ratio of (2:4) and amounted
to 3.16 %. The degree of iron ion binding, especially at a ratio of 4:2, reached a significantly higher level
after 24 hours, amounting to 6.46 %. As a result of remote interaction, areas of change were identified at a
ratio of 4:2, and after 24 hours, the degree of gold and iron ion binding increased by 8.77 %. As can be
seen from the diagram, the degree of iron ion binding in the interpolymer system is less intense compared
to gold ions, and in almost all cases, the degree of gold ion binding reaches maximum values. In the KU2-8 – P4VP interpolymer system in a 1:5 ratio, the degree of binding of gold ions to the polymer chain
within 24 hours was 3.13 %, and for iron ions, this indicator was 0.55 %. Conclusion. The results of the
study indicate that in the interpolymer system, the degree of binding of gold ions to the polymer chain is
significantly higher, while the degree of binding of the polymer to iron ions is relatively weak and stable.

INVESTIGATION OF LIPOPHILIC COMPONENTS OF RHEUM TATARICUM L.f.

2025-06-02T15:39:05+05:00

Despite the widespread use of Rheum tataricum L.f. (genus Rheum L., family
Polygonaceae Juss.) in phytotherapy, its lipophilic components remain insufficiently studied. In this
study, we analyzed the lipophilic composition of hexane extracts obtained from Rheum tataricum L.f.
Plant material was harvested during the fruiting phase in the Almaty region. Metabolites were determined
by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Agilent MSD ChemStation software (version
1701EA) was used to control the gas chromatography system, record and process the obtained results and
data. As a result of the study, 11 lipophilic components were found in the underground part, of which 7
were identified; in the aboveground part – 23 components, 12 compounds were identified. The main
metabolites of the hexane extract obtained from the underground part of the plant are β-sitosterol
(63.23%), campesterol (11.94%) and octacosanol (8.45%). Steroid components predominate among the
identified compounds. In the aboveground part, β-sitosterol (28.92%), squalene (16.22%), γ-tocopherol
(11.73%) and α-amyrin (4.64%) are dominant. The total proportion of identified components contained in
the hexane extracts for the underground part was 91.20%, and for the aboveground part – 76.29%,
respectively. Terpenoid compounds predominate in the studied extracts, which indicates potential
biological activity and value for conducting further research.

DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF PRASEODYMIUM ION SORPTION AT VARIOUS RATIO BY THE AMBERLITE IR120 (H+ ):AB-17-8 (OH- ) INTERPOLYMER SYSTEM

2025-08-29T10:41:12+05:00

Introduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of praseodymium ion
sorption using ion exchange resins containing Amberlite IR120 (H+) and AB-17-8 (OH-) at different
composition ratios.Goals and objectives. The study established how conformational changes based on
“long-range action” affect the efficiency of praseodymium ion sorption; the features of sorption of this ion
in a static mode were studied.Methods: The study clarified the effect of resin composition on the sorption
efficiency through a comprehensive experimental analysis, including sophisticated sorption experiments
and characterization methods such as spectrophotometry and atomic emission spectroscopy.Results and
analysis. Optimal coefficients providing the maximum efficiency of praseodymium ion removal were
determined. In addition, the study examines the underlying mechanisms that determine the sorption
properties, focusing on the relationship between resin composition, surface chemistry, and ionic
interactions. Conclusion: The results obtained will not only contribute to the development of specialized
ion exchange materials for the efficient recovery and purification of praseodymium, but also to a deeper
understanding of ion exchange chromatography processes. This study is of great importance for
praseodymium-dependent industries, as it offers strategies to address challenges associated with its
production, purification, and use.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE ALUMINUM POWDERS WITH ENHANCED THERMOREACTIVITY FOR ENERGETIC SYSTEMS

2025-06-23T13:55:16+05:00

Introduction. In contemporary composite solid propellants, aluminum serves as a key
energetic constituent; however, a passivating Al₂O₃ film on the particle surface markedly diminishes its
effective reactivity. The present study aims to enhance the reaction performance of aluminum powder
through mechanochemical treatment (MCT) employing functional modifiers. Commercial ASD-grade
aluminum powder and GL-1 graphite were selected as the starting materials. Results and discussion.
Within the experimental program, the aluminum powder was subjected to MCT with varying graphite
loadings. The treatment dramatically increased the fraction of active aluminum owing to partial disruption
of the oxide shell. Morphological examinations confirmed oxide removal, uniform graphite coating, and
the emergence of lamellar structures measuring 20-80 nm. Thermal analysis further revealed a shift of the
principal exothermic peak from 662.6 °C to 653.9 °C for the Al + 10% graphite composite, accompanied
by a 27 % rise in heat release, indicative of a lower activation energy and more complete oxidation.
Conversely, a 20% graphite addition reduced the thermal gain, as excess carbon shielded metallic sites.
Conclusion. The graphite content of 10% is deemed optimal, providing the most favorable
thermochemical behavior. The obtained results confirm that MCT of aluminum powder with graphite is an
effective strategy for substantially increasing its reaction capability.

OBTAIN OF CUTIN ISOLATE FROM AGRO-FOOD WASTE FOR FOOD PRESERVATION

2025-08-26T12:56:53+05:00

Nowadays, various packaging materials are widely used in the food industry, with plastic remaining the most common due to its light weight, transparency, and mechanical strength. However, the use of plastic leads to significant environmental consequences, including its long degradation period and contribution to environmental pollution. This underscores the urgent need to develop sustainable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly packaging alternatives.

This study explores the potential for obtaining a natural biopolymer – cutin – from tomato peels, which are classified as agro-food waste. Cutin, the main structural component of the plant cuticle, possesses unique properties such as hydrophobicity, UV resistance, biodegradability, and excellent barrier characteristics. These features make it a promising raw material for the development of edible and eco-friendly packaging films.

In this work an alkaline extract of cutin was obtained for the subsequent preparation of an aqueous dispersion of its nanoparticles. The paper provides a detailed description of the isolation process and presents the physicochemical characterization of the resulting samples. The obtained data demonstrate the high potential of cutin as a sustainable packaging material capable of replacing conventional synthetic films and extending the shelf life of food products while reducing environmental impact.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS AT THE UZEN OILFIELD, MANGYSTAU REGION

2025-09-16T09:27:25+05:00

Introduction. Environmental assessment is an important task for ensuring environmental safety and sustainable development of territories. As part of this work, studies were conducted on the territory of JSC Ozenmunaigas — the Uzen deposit, the GU-85 and GU-88 landfills. The purpose of this work was a comprehensive assessment of the level of pollution of atmospheric air, soil and groundwater using modern analytical methods. Methods. X-ray phase analysis, infrared spectroscopy, atomic emission and gas chromato-mass spectrometry are used to determine the mineral, organic and elemental composition of samples, as well as the analysis of petroleum products, phenols and synthetic surfactants. Sampling and analysis were carried out in accordance with state standards and methodological guidelines in the field of environmental monitoring. Results and discussion. The data obtained showed that the concentrations of pollutants are within the maximum permissible limits. The analysis of uncontaminated soils showed a coincidence of the component composition at different landfills. No excess levels of major pollutants, including petroleum products and heavy metals, were detected in the air and soil. A slight excess was recorded only for individual indicators in groundwater, which indicates a local anthropogenic impact. In general, the environmental situation in the studied areas is assessed as stable and safe.

SYNTHESIS OF NON-IONIC SURFACTANS FROM SUNFLOWER OIL PRODUCTION RESIDUES

2025-09-18T10:40:23+05:00

According to literature data, currently more than 80% of surfactants (SAS) are produced from raw materials of the petrochemical industry. Industrial processes involving petroleum, natural gas, and coal generate significant amounts of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas). The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contributes to global warming. Another major concern associated with surfactants synthesized from hydrocarbon-based feedstocks is their low biodegradability in aquatic environments under the influence of microorganisms and sunlight. Therefore, the development of surfactants based on renewable, environmentally friendly sources such as vegetable oils is an important area of research.

This work focuses on the synthesis of nonionic surfactants from technical-grade vegetable oil, specifically from sunflower oil production waste, and the investigation of their properties. A mixture of fatty carboxylic acids obtained from technical vegetable oil was esterified with ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and triethylene glycol (TEG) to produce nonionic surfactants. The chemical composition of the synthesized surfactants was confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the compounds possess surface-active properties and can be used as environmentally safer detergents

OBTAINING THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT FOR SEED TREATMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE GERMINATION OF SPRING WHEAT SEEDS IN CASE OF SOIL MOISTURE DEFICIENCY

2025-08-28T11:53:27+05:00

The seed protectants currently used in grain crops have a second class of toxicity, which
negatively affects soil fertility, plant growth and the quality of the products produced. It is of practical
importance to create a low-toxic complex drug with a multifunctional effect, which has a pickling and
stimulating effect on plant growth and development, positively affecting the soil microflora, yield and
quality of grain products. This article sets the task of obtaining a multifunctional active substance based
on monomethyl urea (MMU) and monoethanolamine phosphate (MEAPh), studying its physico-chemical
characteristics, as well as its effect on germination and germination energy of spring wheat seeds with a
soil moisture deficiency of 30% and 50%. The dependence of the equilibrium humidity on the relative
humidity of the atmosphere for the initial MMU, MEAPh and the double compound MMU•MEAPh is
determined. For all isotherms, an increase in adsorbent absorption is observed, provided that the relative
pressure of the adsorbent approaches a certain value of φ0, which increases sequentially with the transition
from MMU•MEAPh to MEAPh and MMU. It follows from the data obtained that the studied MMU,
MEAPh and MMU•MEAPh have low equilibrium humidity up to a relative humidity of 80%, which is the
basis for the preparation and storage of drugs in autumn, spring and winter conditions with good physicochemical and marketable characteristics. A high degree of influence of the MMU•MEAPh double
compound and germination energy of seeds with a deficiency of soil moisture by 30% and 50% has been
established.

RESEARCH INTO COMPOSITIONS FOR REMOVING ASPHALTPARAFFIN DEPOSITS

2025-09-05T11:02:39+05:00

This article presents the results of laboratory studies on the effectiveness of compositions
developed to remove asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD), which form during oil production and
transportation. ARPDs are solid organomineral deposits consisting mainly of paraffins, asphaltenes,
resins, and mechanical impurities. They are deposited on the internal surfaces of oilfield equipment,
reducing productivity and causing operational complications. This issue is particularly pertinent in fields
in the Mangystau region, where the oil has a high paraffin content. As part of the study, the composition
of paraffin-type ASPOs selected from different parts of the field was investigated. Based on the obtained
data, hydrocarbon-based compositions (pentane-hexane fraction) were developed, incorporating non-ionic
and anionic surfactants (OP-10 and Sulfonol) to provide a synergistic dissolution and dispersion effect.
Laboratory studies conducted at temperatures of 25 °C and 60 °C revealed that temperature significantly
impacts the rate and depth of ARPD dissolution. Compositions containing more than 6 % surfactants are
up to 100 % effective at removing and dissolving ARPDs. At lower temperatures (25 °C), the efficiency
of ARPD removal exceeds 98 %, making the compositions suitable for use in conditions of limited or no
thermal exposure. The proposed compositions are highly efficient at destroying and removing solid
deposits in a short time and contribute to reducing operating costs and increasing the reliability of oilfield
equipment.

NEW ANION EXCHANGERS AND THEIR SORPTION PROPERTIES TOWARD CHROMIUM (VI) AND VANADIUM (V) IONS

2025-08-27T16:27:52+05:00

Introduction. This study focuses on the synthesis of a novel anion-exchange material based on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and acrylonitrile (AN), as well as on its ability to sorb heavy metal ions. The dependence of ion-exchanger properties on solution concentration, pH value, and contact time was investigated. The purpose of the work: To determine the structure, chemical stability, and optimal conditions for the efficient sorption of chromium (VI) and vanadium (V) ions by the new anion exchanger. Results and discussions: The optimal synthesis conditions were found to be 24 hours, a molar ratio of 1:6, and a temperature of 80 °C. The maximum sorption capacity was 509.2 mg/g for vanadium ions at pH 2.8 and 561.6 mg/g for chromium ions at pH 4.5. Kinetic studies showed that equilibrium was reached within 1 hour for vanadium and 2 hours for chromium. Conclusion: The new anion exchanger can be effectively applied in non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as for the treatment of industrial wastewater from heavy metal ions.

STUDY OF OIL-CONTAINING WASTES AT THE SITES OF JSC "OZENMUNAYGAS"

2025-09-23T10:57:30+05:00

Introduction. Pollution of lands and water bodies with petroleum products is one of the
main environmental problems in the territory of JSC Ozenmunaigas. The purpose of this work is to
conduct a physico-chemical analysis of oil-containing wastes, such as oil sludge, dirty soil and asphaltresin-paraffin deposits, using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two
methods were used to analyze the composition of the waste under study: infrared spectroscopy, which
allows detecting the presence of various organic and inorganic components, and gas chromatographymass spectrometry, which provides more accurate information about the chemical composition of
hydrocarbon fractions. The results of IR spectroscopy showed the presence of water, clay minerals and
organic substances, as well as absorption bands characteristic of methyl and methylene groups, aromatic
compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups, which indicates the interaction of hydrocarbons
with atmospheric oxygen. The data obtained make it possible to judge the composition of oil-containing
waste and its possible impact on the environment. The use of such research methods is important for the
development of environmental protection measures, including effective ways to clean up contaminated
areas and prevent further contamination of reservoirs and soil.

STUDY OF SORPTION PROPERTIES OF NATURAL ZEOLITE IN RELATION TO CATIONS Co2+, Ni2+ AND V4+ FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA BY SATURATION METHOD

2025-09-24T08:02:57+05:00

Introduction. The presence of heavy metals in aquatic environments creates environmental problems. Sorption treatment with zeolite from the Shankanai deposit is a promising method for removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions due to its high selectivity, cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. The aim of the work is to study the sorption properties of natural zeolite with respect to Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and V⁴⁺ cations from aqueous media using the saturation method. Results and discussion. Studies were carried out using the saturation method on the sorption of individual Co2+, Ni2+ and V4+ cations by natural zeolite and in two metal-containing systems: "Ni²⁺–Co²⁺–NZ–H₂O"; "Ni²⁺–V⁴⁺–NZ–H₂O"; "Co²⁺–V⁴⁺–NZ–H₂O" from an aqueous environment. Increasing the concentration of both cobalt (II) and nickel (II) cations in solutions to 10 mg/L increases the degree of Ni²⁺ sorption by 2.5 times and Co²⁺ by 4.8 times compared to solutions containing 5.0 mg/L. Maxima are recorded on the sorption curves at C(Ni/Co) = 10 mg/l. The degree of cation sorption in the Ni²⁺/Co²⁺/V⁴⁺ – H₂O systems with the working concentration of the studied cations does not exceed 55% on average. Zeolite in the Ni²⁺–Co²⁺–NZ–H₂O system exhibits preferential sorption capacity with respect to Ni²⁺ cations; at C_Ni = 30 mg/L it absorbs 0.72 mg/L of CO(II) cations and 28.3 mg/L of Ni (II) cations, i.e. RNi>RСо. In the Ni2⁺–V4⁺–PC–H₂O system, the amount of vanadium (IV) absorbed by NZ increases from 18 to 116 mg/L, which is significantly higher than that of sorbed divalent nickel (5 mg/L). This may be a potential evidence of a weak competing effect of Ni²⁺ in the system with an excess of V⁴⁺ cations. In the Co²⁺–V^4⁺–NZ–H₂O system, which includes the vanadium (IV) cation, the cation with a constant content is first completely sorbed by NZ, and then it is additionally saturated with the second cation. At C_Co= (0.5-1.0) and 10 mg/L, 97.0 and 95.8% of vanadium, as well as 86.3 and 88.4% of cobalt are simultaneously sorbed. Conclusion. In all the studied systems, an unstable nature of sorption is observed, caused by the effect of coordination interaction between different types of cations, due to the sorption ↔ desorption process occurring in an aqueous solution.

INTEGRATION OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2025-08-22T10:06:55+05:00

This article discusses the integration of computational chemistry and artificial intelligence (AI), their role in science and technology, as well as the possibilities of their application in the fields of scientific research and education. An individual analysis of branches of related fields of computer chemistry and AI is carried out. Computer technologies are considered as an important tool in modern science and the educational process, as they provide new opportunities for researchers, students and teachers, and contribute to the development of professional and scientific tasks. Also, the information space and computer programs allow you to quickly find and process the necessary data, as well as carry out individual work. The interconnection of AI and computational chemistry is the basis of transformative solutions in scientific research and industrial innovation. Combining these areas makes it possible to model molecules and chemical processes, develop new drugs and materials, ensure environmental sustainability, and deeply interpret complex chemical, biological, and ecological systems. Therefore, the potential of computational chemistry and AI remains an important resource for scientific research and technological progress. In conclusion, the article notes that the combination of these two industries plays a major role in determining innovative breakthroughs and new solutions.

OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION CATALYSTS

2025-07-25T10:59:34+05:00

The article presents an analysis of literature and patent data concerning olefin oligomerization catalysts used for the production of long-chain linear α-olefins, which are of significant importance in the manufacture of consumer goods such as base lubricating oils, detergents, and various other products. Olefin oligomerization catalysts are typically coordination compounds of transition metals in combination with organoaluminum compounds. A key factor influencing catalytic performance is the nature of the central metal in the coordination complex: the greater the variety of oxidation states the metal can adopt, the more diverse the resulting complexes. In this context, chromium stands out, as evidenced by the large volume of patent literature dedicated to it. Olefin oligomerization catalytic systems generally comprise transition metal complexes and organoaluminum co-catalysts, and the reactions are typically carried out in solution under elevated temperatures and pressures. For each metal, the catalytic properties are determined by the nature of the ligands: their composition, structure, geometry, and acid-base characteristics. However, no clear patterns have been established for ligand selection, and the optimization remains largely empirical. Zeolites and ionic liquids may also serve as olefin oligomerization catalysts. Zeolite-based oligomerization is applied to butene-1 or butane-butylene fractions derived from petroleum refining to produce gasoline, with reactions conducted at temperatures above 300°C, where the zeolite acidic sites are activated. Of particular interest is using of ionic liquids as catalysts, on which oligomerization can be carried out at atmospheric pressure and below 100 °C, although there is little information on this.