Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan

SYNTHESIS OF FUEL COMPOUND BASED ON LIGHT DISTILLATE OF COAL TAR

2024-12-12T09:26:37+05:00

Abstract. The paper considers the process of fuel compound production on the basis of light
distillate of coal tar (CT). The analysis of group and individual composition of CT fractions is carried out,
the main components including aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, heteroatomic compounds and
asphaltenes are revealed, and their physical and chemical characteristics are established. The technique of
stabilisation of mixtures of CT distillate and petroleum fuel oil using a surfactant - acrylic acid - has been
developed. It is shown that surfactant introduction provides a high degree of homogeneity and stability of
fuel compositions, preventing the formation of precipitates even during long-term storage. Optimal ratios
of light distillate and fuel oil (70:30 and 50:50) allow to obtain fuel compounds, the characteristics of
which meet the requirements for boiler and furnace fuels. The obtained results demonstrate the promising
application of light distillate of CT for creation of highly efficient fuel products, which opens new
opportunities for processing of coal-chemical raw materials. The proposed approach contributes to
improving environmental safety, reducing the toxicity of the final product and expanding the raw material
base for fuel production.

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF MUCOADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF THIOLATED POLYMERS BASED ON POLYHYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE AND 3-MERCAPTOPROPYLTRIMETHOXYSILANE

2024-10-21T09:25:54+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, which adhere to mucosal surfaces,
facilitate prolonged retention and uniform release of active substances, enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
These systems include adhesive patches, gels, tablets, films, discs, nanoparticles and microspheres.
Polymers with mucoadhesive properties should be hydrophilic and possess sufficient functional groups to
form hydrogen bonds. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) is a biocompatible hydrophilic
polymer widely used as a biomaterial. Modification of PHEMA with various functional groups could
potentially extend its application range. The purpose of this work is to chemically modify nonionic
PHEMA (20 kDa) using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-MPTS) to improve mucoadhesive
properties, presenting a novel approach in the field. The methodology of this work includes the synthesis
of PHEMA modified with 3-MPTS, determination of thiol group content, preparation and
physicochemical characterisation of model tablets, evaluation of adhesive properties to ex vivo buccal
tissues and drug release. The results indicated that the new method for synthesising thiolated PHEMA
significantly enhanced adhesion compared to unmodified PHEMA. The use of an acidic catalyst increased
the efficiency of this reaction, resulting in a polymer with greater thiol group content. The release of
prochlorperazine from PHEMA-MPTS· tablets occurred over 40 minutes, which is significantly higher
than the commercial product Bukastem. Conclusion. The developed buccal exhibited excellent
mucoadhesive properties and prolonged drug release.

INFLUENCE OF THE EFFECT OF REMOTE INTERACTION OF THE INTERPOLYMER SYSTEM KU-2-8:AV-17-8

2024-10-09T08:50:39+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. Electrochemical properties of mutual activation of polymers as a result of
remote interaction of interpolymer system KU-2-8:AV-17-8 have been studied. Interpolymer systems
consisting of polymers cationite: anionite KU-2-8 and AV-17-8 were chosen as objects of study. As a
result of remote interaction, mutual activation of ion-exchangers occurs, as a result of which polymers
pass to the state of high ionization, significantly changing the electrochemical properties of solutions, such
as conductivity and pH. The purpose of the study is to investigate the features of mutual activation of
interpolymer systems KU-2-8:AV-17-8. The obtained results as the value of specific conductivity of
aqueous medium in 5:1 ratio gradually increased after 24 hours. It was noted that the pH value of the
medium in this ratio gradually decreases, and the swelling coefficient of the anionite AV-17-8 increased
to a maximum value of 3.86 after 1 hour at a ratio of 5:1 in the presence of the cationite KU-2-8. In the
ratios of the interpolymer systems KU-2-8: AV-17-8 4:2, the specific electrical conductivity of the
aqueous medium after 6 hours reaches a maximum value of 7.0, and the pH indicator decreases compared
to the initial value. The value of electrical conductivity gradually increases in the ratios 2:4 and 1:5 in
different time intervals. At 2.5 hours of the study, it can be observed that the pH of the medium decreased
from a maximum value of 7.45 to a minimum value of 4.85 at ratios of 3:3 and 2:4. The swelling ratio at
2:4 ratio increased after 2.5 hours and decreased after 6 hours. Conclusion. As a result of remote
interaction, changes in electrochemical properties of polymers of cationite KU-2-8 and anionite AV-17-8
are observed in all molar ratios. Remote interaction has a special influence on the electrochemical
properties of the environment. The experimental results obtained show that changing the initial state of
one component changes the electrochemical behavior of ionites and interpolymer systems.

STRUCTURE OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILM AFFECTED BY ELECTRON RADIATION AND TEMPERATURES

2024-11-15T13:03:01+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. The thermal conductivity of the polytetrafluoroethylene film in the
temperature range of 80–330 K and radiation doses from 5 to 30 kGy was investigated. Methodology.
Thermal conductivity studies were carried out at the TAU–5 thermophysical facility. Results. The
temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of polytetrafluoroethylene at different irradiation
doses was obtained, and the resulting thermal conductivity curves demonstrate phase transitions at
temperatures T1 = 293 K and T2 = 303 K. The irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene films with low doses
resulted in a shift of phase transition temperatures to the low temperature region, with a decrease in peak
amplitude. Irradiation with a dose of D = 30 kGy resulted in a 2 % decrease in thermal conductivity λ, a
significant decrease in the intensity of the phase transition peak at T1 and a complete disappearance of the
second peak at T2. As the temperature and irradiation dose increased, there was a notable rise in
interplanar distances, degree of crystallinity, and unit cell volume. Conversely, there was a reduction in
crystal size, a rearrangement of the crystal structure, and a smoothing of phase transitions. Conclusion. It
was determined that the thermal conductivity of the polymer at low temperatures is attributed to skeletal
vibrations of the main chain, while at high temperatures and irradiation doses, it can be attributed not only
to the rearrangement of the crystal structure, but also to the disappearance of pores and the ordering of the
crystalline phase of polytetrafluoroethylene.

INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBILITY OF MANGANESE ORE CONCENTRATION WASTES INVOLVEMENT IN INORGANIC MATERIALS PRODUCTION

2024-11-29T09:46:01+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. The problem of processing waste from the mining and metallurgical
complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including manganese ore processing waste, is relevant both from
a technological (expanding the raw material base and assortment of marketable products) and from a geoecological (minimizing waste, preserving resources and the environment) point of view. The purpose of
this work is to study the possibility of processing manganese ore processing waste from some deposits in
Kazakhstan into phosphating solutions. Results and discussion. Using electron-probe, energy-dispersive
X-ray fluorescence, X-ray phase analysis, the material and mineral composition of manganese ore
concentration wastes from the Borly, Zhayrem and Altyn-Shoko deposits was studied. It was found that
the total content of soluble compounds in the productive solution of phosphate leaching of waste from
Borly is 3.0-3.1 g/l with a ratio of total acidity to free acidity of 1.6-1.9, which excludes the possibility of
using this solution to create anti-corrosion coatings. Productive solutions of phosphate leaching of
manganese ore concentration wastes of Zhayrem and Altyn-Shoko deposits have total content of soluble
dihydrogen phosphates of 26.0-29.3 g/l (Zhayrem) and 30.2-34.5 g/l (Altyn-Shoko) with total acidity to
free acidity ratio of 1.8-2.7. Conclusion. The possibility of obtaining anticorrosive phosphating solutions
based on manganese ore concentration wastes from the Zhaipem and Altyn-Shoko deposits is shown.

ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CONFORMATIONAL PROPERTIES OF POLYACRYLIC ACID AND POLY-2-METHYL-5-VINYLPYRIDINE HYDROGELS DURING THEIR REMOTE INTERACTION IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT

2024-11-13T13:38:06+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. Previous research on the intergel system of polyacrylicacid(PAA) and
polyethyleneimine (PEI) revealed that at a hydrogel ratio of 3:3, significant activation occurs at 24 hours.
This indicates substantial changes in electrochemical and conformational properties at this ratio. The
purpose of this research is to investigate the remote interaction between the weak polyelectrolyte
polyacrylic acid (PAA) and the weak polybase poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine (P2M5VP) over time and at
various molar ratios in an aqueous environment. The study seeks to explore the activation potential of
these hydrogels by analyzing their electrochemical properties using conductometry and pH-metry, and to
determine the effect of molar ratios on the specific conductivity and swelling degree of the hydrogels.The
obtained results.The maximum conductivity of 14.4 µS/cm was achieved at a ratio of 2:4 at 2.5 hours,
coinciding with the minimum pH value of 4.4. In the 6:0 ratio, where only the PAA hydrogel is present,
the conductivity changes remained minimal within the range of 1-2 µS/cm, indicating the stability of this
hydrogel in the absence of P2M5VP. The swelling coefficient also exhibited interesting dynamic changes
depending on the time and component ratios. The swelling coefficient of PAA remained stable at 11-14
for the individual hydrogel but showed a maximum value of 41 at a ratio of 1:5 after 24 hours, indicating
significant interaction between the hydrogels. The maximum swelling coefficient of P2M5VP, 7.5 and
7.6, was observed at ratios of 5:1 and 2:4, respectively, 2.5 hours into the study, suggesting optimal
interaction of the hydrogels during these time intervals. Conclusion. The studies showed that initial
differences in conductivity are minimal; however, significant changes occur over time due to
intermolecular interactions between the components. The obtained results can be useful for optimizing the
sorption properties of hydrogels in metal extraction processes.

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITES ON OIL DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY

2024-11-18T09:17:58+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. Development of effective, cheap and environmentally friendly methods for
increasing oil recovery of reservoirs is one of the relevant problems of the oil industry all over the world
due to the decrease in the extraction of oil due to the decline in reservoir energy. In this regard, various
methods of increasing oil recovery in the fields are applied, including gas flooding. Enhanced oil recovery
(EOR) techniques play a crucial role in maximizing oil production from reservoirs. The purpose of this
work to investigate the integration of nanoparticles which has gained significant attention due to their
potential to address challenges associated with traditional EOR methods. Discussion. The paper focuses
on the fundamentals and application of surfactants and nanoparticle mixtures for enhancing oil recovery
through CO2 flooding. One of the key challenges when using CO2 to increase oil production is controlling
gas mobility. Conclusion. In this paper, the potential of using surfactants and a mixture of surfactants with
nanoparticles to create a stable foam that reduces gas mobility and increases oil production is investigated.

SYNTHESIS OF NEW ION-EXCHANGE SORBENTS ON AN ORGANOMINERAL BASIS

2024-11-16T20:31:50+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. According to scientists, the shortage of drinking and fresh water may
become a global environmental issue. This article discusses the synthesis of new ion exchangers using
natural resources. An ion-exchange sorbent was synthesized from the mineral vermiculite for the sorption
of metal ions from water resources. Purpose: To create an organomineral sorbent using vermiculite and
epoxyacrylate copolymers and evaluate its sorption properties for MoO₄²⁻ and ReO₄⁻ ions. Methods:
Synthesis was conducted in a microwave at 300 W for 10 minutes, with orthophosphoric acid amounts
increased two- and threefold. Results and Discussion: The sorbent is suitable for hydrometallurgy and
water purification. Optimal conditions for modifying vermiculite with glycidyl methacrylate and
orthophosphoric acid were established. The static exchange capacity for a 0.1 N HCl solution was 5.91
mg-eq/g. Sorption capacity reached 39.8 mg/g for MoO₄²⁻ ions (94% recovery) and 39.06 mg/g for ReO₄⁻
ions (96% recovery). Conclusion: The studies demonstrated that the organomineral sorbent exhibits high
sorption capacity for MoO₄²⁻ ions, reaching 39.8 mg/g with a recovery rate of 94%, and for ReO₄⁻ ions,
the sorption capacity was 39.06 mg/g, with a recovery rate of 96%.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NiFe2O4 SPINEL NANOPARTICLES

2024-10-17T08:23:19+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) spinel nanoparticles have attracted great interest in
recent years due to their unique physicochemical properties and wide range of applications in various
fields. Methodology. In this work, the synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles by the sol-gel method was
studied. The synthesized NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were characterized using methods such as X-ray
diffraction analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Results and discussion. The results of Xray diffraction analysis showed that the main phase in the analyzed samples is iron-containing oxide of
cubic structure NiFe2O4, and the position and relative intensity of the peaks correspond to the standard
JCPDS No. 54–0964. Also, EDS analysis of the studied samples showed that the nanopowders consist of
the elements Ni, Fe and O, which indicates the purity of the synthesized sample and the absence of any
impurities. FTIR spectrum of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles showed two main peaks at 458 cm−1 and 548 cm−1
corresponding to the metal-oxygen band. Conclusion. The results of the study of the magnetic properties
of the obtained NiFe2O4 nanoparticles show that the magnetic properties change depending on the alloy
components and phase composition, i.e. FeNiO (77% Fe3O4 - magnetite 23% Fe0.64Ni0.36) is a particle of
about 25 nm size, a multicomponent ferromagnetic powder with a predominant magnetite phase, low
coercivity and relatively large saturation magnetization values. This means that they are a soft magnetic
material with high magnetic properties.

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DIMETHYLESULPHOXIDE

2024-09-25T15:48:47+05:00

Abstract. Molybdenum and its compounds are widely used in production and industry due to their
properties, such as mechanical strength, heat resistance, high electrical conductivity, high melting point
and electrochemical catalytic activity. Therefore, their processing is undoubtedly a very urgent problem.
One of the ways to solve this problem is associated with the use of aqueous-organic electrolyte solutions.
The purpose of the work: to determine the patterns of electrochemical dissolution of molybdenum in
aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide. Research methods. The work uses electrochemical (polarization
measurements, electrolysis), X-ray spectral, microphotographs, and mathematical analysis methods.
Results and discussion. Electrochemical dissolution of molybdenum in 0.25 M, 0.5 M, and 2 M LiCl
solutions in an aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide at different potential transfer rates is considered.
The presence of water in electrolytes enhances the process of molybdenum transition into solution, the
appropriate concentration of 0.25 M LiCl water was 38 mol/L H2O. At these electrolyte concentrations,
the thickness of the film formed on the molybdenum surface was estimated, the distance between adjacent
defects, and the electrical conductivity of the film were determined. Concept. Electrochemical properties
of the molybdenum electrode in an aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide do not obey the laws of
classical electrochemistry. Separation of molybdenum from the solid phase under such electrolytic
conditions will undoubtedly have great application, for example, in the processing of solid foundry waste
and the production of biosensors.

THE AMINO- AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SEEDS CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS (L.) DC

2024-11-08T12:41:52+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. This study aims to analyze the amino- and fatty acid composition of
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. seeds using various analytical methods. The findings will support the
development of a biologically active composition with potential applications in pharmaceuticals.
Objectives. The study focuses on evaluating the amino- and fatty acid composition of Canavalia
ensiformis seeds. Methods. Seed quality assessment was performed in accordance with the requirements
of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Canavalia ensiformis seeds were
extracted and subsequently fractionated using solvents with progressively increasing polarity.
Chromatographic methods, including HPLC and GC-MS, were employed to analyze the amino and fatty
acid composition. Results and Discussion. An optimal solvent was selected for the extraction process. The
fatty acid composition was assessed through methylation, and a comparative analysis of amino acids in
the butanol and aqueous extracts was conducted. Conclusion. The results provide a comprehensive
understanding of the composition of Canavalia ensiformis seeds and offer insights into their potential use
in developing biologically active compositions. This research holds significance for the pharmaceutical
industry, as it opens new avenues for creating plant-based drugs with possible therapeutic benefits.

INTERPHASE PROCESSES IN MODIFIED BITUMEN SYSTEMS

2024-09-25T12:55:41+05:00

Introduction. The unsatisfactory quality of asphalt concrete road surfaces in most cases is due to poor adhesion between the bitumen binder and the surface of the mineral filler. The aim is to establish the influence of modifiers of various natures on the development of interphase processes in modified bitumen compositions. The methodology of the work included measuring the contact angle of the crushed stone surface with modified bitumen systems depending on the quantitative content of additives in bitumen and evaluating the adhesive effectiveness of modifiers. Results and discussion. As follows from the analysis of the data obtained, the introduction of AC-2 into bitumen favours the wetting of the crushed stone surface, which, as a result, is confirmed by a decrease in the contact angle. The values θ of solutions of bitumen with AC-2 decreased by 6.73° as its concentration increased from 0 to 3.0 g/dm³. The results of measurements of the wetting edge angle in the binary bitumen-AG-4I system indicate that the polymer additive also stimulates the process of wetting crushed stone with bitumen, but less intensively. The maximum decrease in θ was 3.26° at C_AG-4I =1.5 g/dm³. Conclusion. With an increased content of AC-2 (C_AC-2=1.0 g/dm³), cohesion and adhesion increase and reach their maximum at C_AC-2=2.5 g/dm³: W_K=89.68 mN/m, W_A=13.90 mN/m, A=68.55%. In the presence of a sealing liquid in bitumen, the adhesive-cohesive effect has a maximum at the same concentration point (C_AG-4I=2.5 g/dm³) and is: W_K=90.20 mN/m, W_A=10.79 mN/m, A=92.25%.

CREATION OF FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITIONS FOR POLYESTER AND COTTON-POLYESTER TEXTILE MATERIALS

2024-12-09T10:34:45+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. A significant disadvantage of materials and products of light industry is
flammability. Analysis and statistics of fires show that the easy flammability of clothing materials and the
high speed of flame spread lead to significant human casualties. In this regard, most countries of the world
have adopted laws prohibiting the use of combustible materials in the production of workwear for work in
conditions of high temperatures and splashes of molten metal, clothing for the elderly, bed linen in
nursing homes, children's toys, as upholstery and finishing materials and for other purposes. Therefore,
the problem of reducing the flammability of materials and products of light industry is relevant and of
paramount importance.
The purpose. The article is devoted to the development of flame retardant technology for polyester
and blends of cotton and polyester fabrics. An analysis of existing methods for imparting fire-retardant
properties to textile materials and assessing their effectiveness is carried out.
Methodology. The following tissues were chosen as the object of study: polyester 100 % (surface
density 180 g/m2
), polyester 65 %/ cotton 35 % (surface density 180 g/m2
), polyester 65 %/ cotton 35 %
(surface density 250 g/m2
), polyester 40 %/ cotton 60 % (surface density 230 g/m2
). The following
components are used for the preparation of the compositions: sodium hexametaphosphate 150-200 г/л,
polyethylene glycol 40 г/л, urea 80 г/л. The fabric is impregnated with a finishing solution, added, dried
and thermofixed.
Results and discussion. Effective flame-retardant compositions for textile materials have been
developed. Optimal technological parameters for fire-retardant treatment of textile materials are
determined. The effect of treatment on the combustion processes of fire-retardant textile materials has
been studied. The effect of fire-retardant treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of finished
materials is investigated.
Conclusion. Optimal concentrations were selected to give textile fabrics fire-retardant properties, as
well as to improve their consumer properties. Treatment of the material with flame retardants does not
worsen the consumer properties of the fabric. This technology is available and versatile to ensure fire
resistance

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF LUMINESCENT CHARACTERISTICS OF GaBO3: Yb3+

2024-11-14T16:13:23+05:00

Abstract. Introduction. Borates of rare earth elements attract attention due to their unique physical
properties due to the peculiarities of their electronic structure and crystal lattice. Ytterbium orthoborates
are of great practical importance in the field of infrared luminescence. The aim of the work. Investigation
of the structure, phase composition and luminescent properties of GaBO3-based solid solutions doped with
ytterbium ions. Methodology. Ga1-xYbxBO3 (x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.06 and 1) were obtained
by solid-phase synthesis. Results and discussions. SEM EDS analysis showed that 1 mol.% Yb dissolves
in GaBO3 at a temperature of 700°C and 2 mol.% Yb at temperatures of at 800 and 900°C. The results of
diffusion experiments indicate that the maximum is 2 mol.% of Yb ions can be dissolved in gallium
borate. These data are consistent with the results of X-ray phase analysis, showing that the ytterbium
content is over 2 mol.%, significant impurities and signs of incomplete synthesis are observed.
Conclusion. The Ga0.995Yb0.005BO3 and Ga0.99Yb0.01BO3 compounds exhibit stable luminescent properties
with broad peaks at 919 nm and 970 nm. These results highlight the potential of the materials for
applications in optoelectronics and photonics.